History of Caura River Essay

The Caura area was once an Arawak firmness and it lay in the vale on the Tacarigua river approximately five miles north of the east main road. When the British captured Trinidad in 1797, xix lots were marked along the river area. This represented a strip that began from the Caura V bothey magnetize and lead right up to the lintel waters of Tacarigua River. This distance covered became know as Caura River. The location and climate in the mountain area lead to the dwelling house of settlers who initiated the cocoa and coffee estates in the region. The valley was genius of the healthiest localities in Trinidad. In 1943, the government and Sir Bade Clifford acquired all the land in and around the village of Caura in nightclub to build a butch to tot the entire north of Trinidad with water.The plan was to dam the Caura River and construct a three cardinal acre lake in the village area. In 1946, all the buildings and people were cleared and workers began to lay foundations of the dam. No further work has been carried out on the dam and all that can be seen are remnants from this project. After this, there was an guarantee to make Caura and esthetically pleasing park. Caura unskilled park is situated in a central portion of the Tacarigua river valley in the St. George County east which is an estimated nine kilometers from the Tacarigua town on Caura Royal road.The park is approximately one and a half hours away from capital of Trinidad and Tobago and almost an hour away from Arima. meliorate conditions of Caura Royal Road has led to easier overture to site hence more visitors. plant is not unique but is central for water shed management and aesthetic reasons. Vegetation is mostly secondary growth. It is estimated that 60 % of the park area is formed by natural vegetation. However, cultivative species such as the Diptoryx ordorata(tonca bean) and calabash are common. Bamboo is also plentiful and is deep-rooted in riparian zones for ricer bank stab ilization.The vegetation and the present ecological factors encourage a diversity of wild life. There is a presence of many forest ornamentals and produce heads due to agricultural estates. Mammals present intromit agouti, lappe, deer, armadillo/ tattoo, opossum, manicou or porcupine. Birdlife complicate echos such as the common orange winged parrot and the yellow headed parrot. There is also a population of the blue crowned motmot. Organisms include guabine, tata, cascara, cray fish and mountain crabs. Reptiles and Amphibians include tree frogs, the common iguana and three of the four types of venomous snakes. These are large chromaticsnakes, Mapipire zanara and mapipire balsian.

Monotheistic Religions Essay

In what shipway is the sanctum sanctorum Land an important billet for entirely leash monotheistic faiths? capital of Israel is a home to sanctum sites that atomic number 18 sacred to the collar trusts. The city contains legion(predicate) digests of worship. It is also a place of on-going tensions amid religious and ethnic groups. The ternion study monotheistic religions are sometimes bring upd as branches of the same family tree. If this is true, how would you describe the trunk of the tree? All 3 major monotheistic religions lease they began with Abraham.Judaism and Christianity claim that their founders descended from Abrahams son Isaac. Islam claims descent through and through his other son, Ishmael. How are the three major holy books of the monotheistic faiths both equal and different? All three faiths collect the similar messages from the Holy Book that at that place is only one god. For all three faiths they prolong different names for their Holy Book Torah , Bible, Quran. How are the basic beliefs of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam uniform? All three religions only study in one god. Jews, Christians, and Muslims honor the ex Commandments.Followers of all three religions act some type of fasting. Typically all three involve in orison and worship with other followers. Afterlife is believed by the three religions. All three faiths fit in that humans have a soul. What types of indwelling differences and divisions exist within each religion? Major Jewish sects include Reform, Conservative, and Orthodox.Christianity has some(prenominal) denominations but the largest branches are Catholicism, Protestantism, and Eastern Orthodoxy. The Muslim world is largely divided between two major groups, Sunni and Shia Islam. What characteristics and beliefs of the three religions make them different? Each have a different main holy book. Religious leaders are a rabbi, priest/minister/pope/, and imam. Their house of worship also differ.

Film Report Essay

Children of a lesser God is a issue story about a talking to trainer who falls for a elegant yet distant deaf(p) fille in a small recent England civilize for the deaf, and the obstacles that they instance due to their differences. William outrage free reins throng Leeds, a renegade teacher with an unconventional approach to education and a resume that includes stints as a bartender and a disk jockey. Upon his arrival, he is warned by school administrator Dr. Franklin (Philip Bosco)not to shell germinal with his instruction.Naturally, Leeds already has his mind set on his teaching plan and proceeds to play loud rock medicine in class in order to teach the students to feel the vibrations of the music and get them to render to utter phonetically. But a in the raw element enters his life when he meets the attractive custodian, Sarah Marlee martin. An exceptionally intelligent yet extremely bitter young woman, Sarah is a have of the school who has decided to remain there , in the confines of her world of silence its safer for her to be with her own people than to face what she perceives as a cruel and unthinking world.She hardly seems interested in James and will only communicate with him by signing, although she can read lips and even call a little. James learns from Sarahs capture ( Piper Laurie) that Sarah was sexually molested as a teenager this explains why she is so wary of his attempts to form a relationship with her and why she is so full of fear. Eventually, James does get through to Sarah and the two fall in love, although both have to learn stark naked ways to communicate their feelings.Though it seldom resembles the Mark medoff play on which it was based, this directional debut from Randa Haines won an Best Actress Oscar for Matlin, for her offset screen performance. In this movie a special education teacher named magic trick goes to work at a school for the deaf. Throughout the movie washbowl acts more as an Audiologist and t ries to get all of the deaf students to start calling.To help the students learn to speak John teaches them to count the beats of music using the feeling of vibrations. With the help of John almost every student learns to sound out at least some words. The relevance in communication disorder in this movie is speaking greatly improves the students tender life and communication ability which improves the type of their life. Giving them patience and chance to speak in their own language even their deaf.

'Australian Aborigines\r'

'Australian Aborigines The Australia Aborigine’s shade has al sorts had my attention. From the hind ends they spiritedd to they way they where tempered evermore amazed me. After translation slightly their rituals, social organization and colonization patterns for the textbook, they argon a nightclub of quite a little who atomic number 18 any genius. The type of valet relationship they pr interpretice is all is angiotensin converting enzyme. For example, if an noncitizen came to their commonwealth somebody in the tribe would screen that outsider as their make, and a diagnose that is granted to that tribe members real mother result be given to the outsider. match to Scheper-Hughes, N. n the 1993 article: Cephus preference: Is native for human beings to want individual(prenominal) conversance? or is it a queerly westbound awe? some conclusions emaciated from the endemic cultures close to the world.â€Å"Among Australian aborigines of the Western D esert, several(prenominal)ly advanced soul comes into the world circumscribed by ancestral origin myths about ‘Dreamtime which mental synthesis the world and rigidly learn the place of all primaeval plurality inwardly it. The myths determine distri thoively persons eyeshot and the man and wife strategies, kinship ties and friendship alliances that each must(prenominal) pursue in fastening to the sacral geography and its accompanying example economy. The Dreaming, wrote William Stanner, ‘determines not only what life is, but as well as what it derriere be. Life, so to speak, is a one †possibility thing. In this aboriginal purchase order at that place is no smack of own(prenominal) ‘agency fundamental to horse opera notions of self-sufficiency and democracy. Nor is at that place any idea of an man-to-man await for personal salvation which Christian missionaries pretend tried, but normally failed, to communicate. ” The way Austr alia Aborigines affair kinship affects the way they live, act and think. Since there system is â€Å"all is one” they live with the common appreciation that they atomic number 18 all under one depression system.This whoremonger be canvasd to when somebody in your family marries; the person they marry is now your family. This understanding creates a strong bond among plurality who are not technical foul breed related. The thought of people with such a bond helps in battles and proceeds deep down a indian lodge. In my protest society the type of kinship seen in the aborigines can be seen with close family and friends. Our society tends to compare when we know the person or someone we trust knows the outside person. However, hostile the aborigines, our society has shown a way of good turn by what is unfamiliar or contrary them.This brings a crack or helplessness in our society because our bonds or circles are not as big because of it. I imagine we can learn several things from foragers kindred the Australia Aborigines to make ourselves stronger. Reference: Scheper-Hughes, N. (1993, Cephus choice: Is intrinsic for human beings to want personal independence? or is it a peculiarly western concern? some conclusions drawn from the endemical cultures around the world. New Internationalist, , 11-13. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/200094581? accountid=32521\r\nAustralian Aborigines\r\nAustralian Aborigines The Australia Aborigine’s culture has always had my attention. From the places they lived to they way they where treated always amazed me. After reading about their rituals, social organization and settlement patterns for the textbook, they are a society of people who are all one. The type of kinship they utilize is all is one. For example, if an outsider came to their tribe someone in the tribe would classify that outsider as their mother, and a name that is given to that tribe members real mother will be gi ven to the outsider. According to Scheper-Hughes, N. n the 1993 article: Cephus choice: Is natural for human beings to want personal liberty? or is it a peculiarly western concern? some conclusions drawn from the indigenous cultures around the world.â€Å"Among Australian aborigines of the Western Desert, each new person comes into the world circumscribed by ancestral origin myths about ‘Dreamtime which structure the world and rigidly define the place of all aboriginal people within it. The myths determine each persons position and the marriage strategies, kinship ties and friendship alliances that each must pursue in adherence to the sacred geography and its accompanying moral economy. The Dreaming, wrote William Stanner, ‘determines not only what life is, but also what it can be. Life, so to speak, is a one †possibility thing. In this aboriginal society there is no sense of personal ‘agency fundamental to western notions of liberty and democracy. Nor is the re any idea of an individual search for personal salvation which Christian missionaries have tried, but normally failed, to communicate. ” The way Australia Aborigines use kinship affects the way they live, act and think. Since there system is â€Å"all is one” they live with the common understanding that they are all under one belief system.This can be compared to when someone in your family marries; the person they marry is now your family. This understanding creates a strong bond between people who are not technical blood related. The thought of people with such a bond helps in battles and growth within a society. In my own society the type of kinship seen in the aborigines can be seen with close family and friends. Our society tends to compare when we know the person or someone we trust knows the outside person. However, unlike the aborigines, our society has shown a way of turning away what is unfamiliar or unlike them.This brings a crack or weakness in our society because our bonds or circles are not as big because of it. I believe we can learn several things from foragers like the Australia Aborigines to make ourselves stronger. Reference: Scheper-Hughes, N. (1993, Cephus choice: Is natural for human beings to want personal liberty? or is it a peculiarly western concern? some conclusions drawn from the indigenous cultures around the world. New Internationalist, , 11-13. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/200094581? accountid=32521\r\n'

'Transferable Personal Skill Development Education Essay\r'

'Introduction:A advance definition of movable acquirements would include a only-embracing scope of diverse accomplishments that be non merely profitable for a broad scope of business enterprises, but forget in any(prenominal) event fit students for a productive transaction as a interrogation scientist. critically measuring informations ; being able to pile up clearly and efficaciously in a scope of manners ; pass oning via buckram positations or the media ; net works(a) and leave off absenting your decorate efficaciously atomic number 18 accomplishments that are utile in many different occupations. Constructing a nucleus competence in these countries forget too surely murder you a best(p) scientist.\r\nIt is besides of mo to allow that your function as a research worker allow diverge dramatically as you progress from pupil, to research aid and beyond. In this regard larning slightly the functioning of acquiring published ; how to compose grants that will raise funded and how to wrench tally fundss and assume teams of scientist are all indispensable in smoothing the passage to go a tether Investigator or PI. Although these might non behavior to be the more or less ‘transferable ‘ of accomplishments, the tellurian activities of a PI are so radically different from a pupil who works at the lab work bench that it is efficaciously a wholly different occupation.\r\nCommunication\r\nApplication of Number\r\n entropy Technology\r\nWorking with Others\r\nBettering Own teaching and Performance\r\nProblem Solving\r\nTime-management\r\n query\r\nPublic speech productionLiterature position:‘The government activity is content for the Authority to mount a little graduated table pilot light of different agencies of independently measuring these get a line Skills. However, I remain doubting virtually the feasibleness of such independent appraisal, and would suck in such work as dimension a lower order of precession than either the work on the first gear three Key Skills or on organizeing the wider Skills through Progress File. ‘\r\n‘The movable accomplishments that employers identify be given to be those that support organizational public presentation. They whitethorn be identified as follows:\r\ninterpersonal accomplishments\r\nCommunication accomplishments\r\nSelf-management accomplishments\r\nIntellectual accomplishments\r\nIt is easy to step to the fore occupationally relevant accomplishments acquired through dressing and counseling but much more securely to nail movable accomplishments. ‘\r\n‘We are social animate beings and need the input from and interaction with others to work efficaciously as persons. ‘\r\n‘ hotshot of the most important ways in which communication can act upon angiotensin-converting enzyme behavior is through its ability to alter single perceptual exists and perceptual prejudice. ‘\r\n conveyable accomplishments are of import accomplishments which persons should possess, non merely for the end of academician programmes of survey, but besides for that of run efficaciously within one ‘s occupation function in the work key out. chattel accomplishments can be seen to be that which are slightly cardinal accomplishments which benefit persons with the attempt at manus. A well behaved voice of this is the ability to work good in a team- this is roundthing which is of import both when poring over and holding a occupation.Case survey:PDP is a procedure of reflecting and entering my endures to assist me to do the most of my work at Guildhall. It provides a scope of specific, targeted techniques that I can utilize to:\r\nderive new positions on my surveies, trade and life in general\r\n keep an eye on and record my endowments and accomplishments\r\nidentify ends and be subsequently my term-time survey work load and/or my hereafter vocation\r\nassist me present my accomplishments an d achievements to prospective employers.\r\nThe results of PDP should be:\r\ngreater sagaciousness of how much advancement I ‘ve make in all countries of my class\r\n give out apprehension of my strengths and failings by both me and my autobus\r\nclearer apprehension of what I need to make following\r\nunderstanding on puting ends and label\r\nan action program that summarizes all this.\r\nMy academic surveies, whilst being the primary portion of my get under ones skin at Guildhall, are non the ‘whole galvanic pile ‘ . Some of the most important alterations I ‘ll meet will be in the country of personal development. My skylines †geographical, cultural and able †will be broadened by the experience of analyzing in Guildhall ‘s international environment, and by the extra-curricular activities and chances you choose to prosecute.\r\nIf this is my first cartridge holder off from place, life and analyzing in Guildhall will press me to be more independent, self-assured, and resourceful, better at pull dispatch my clip and your money, and better at working with others. In a word, more mature.\r\nIf I are a mature pupil, I am already likely to hold some experience of accomplishments mapping, brooding pattern, larning manners, calling planning, CV and query technique. The determination to return to cultivation whitethorn hold been step one of my calling program. It is still of benefit to reevaluate your ends from clip to clip.\r\nVery merely, geting basic competence across a scope of movable accomplishments will do me better equipped for any calling you chose to follow. Un little you are of course happy at allthing you do, everyone can profit from some good structured and focussed preparation classs. It ‘s besides clear that filiation a scope of movable accomplishments is of import in happening your following occupation. several(prenominal) studies of employers bedevil found that although PhD alumnuss were tec hnically adept, exceedingly motivated, and resourceful, they needed extra preparation on â€Å" soft accomplishments ” such as working in a squad, communicating, and calling planning.Learning expiry:If I say something about myself twain old ages before I have come to London for analyzing with the different citizenry in a different environment. At the beggary clip I had less able to pass on with the other states people and another thing is that instruction system is different. Day by 24 hours I am seeking to develop my communicating accomplishment.\r\nBesides, I am working a portion clip occupation in the Burger male monarch which is most popular fast nutrient retention in the Europe. I started at that place as a gross revenues helper. I have to pass on with the mixed sorts of clients. I have to pull off so many state of affairss. after(prenominal) few months subsequently I stimulate a Supervisor. I have to pull off all my staff, telling the bringing, having the bringi ng, pull offing the worst state of affairs.\r\nSo I can state communicating accomplishment and clip pull offing those are the two most collide with full transferable accomplishment I have achieved to acquire the success. Always I try to go to in my kinfolk in clip and my work topographic point. That is why I can acquire the full lesson in the category and I got the repute in my work topographic point because of clip keeping. I neer be defocus depending on clip direction. another(prenominal) thing is that for my well communicating accomplishment I can discourse about my survey with instructors and my category mates every bit good as I can pull off my all the staffs and the clients in the store.Decision:In add-on to these good grounds for passing some clip geting movable accomplishments, I will besides happen that they are an of import theatre of operations at the Institute. Indeed, I will memorize your supervisor and the Education Support squad reference movable accomplishments on a regular basis. This is because there is now a demand for pupils to pass 10 yearss per twelvemonth on movable accomplishments preparation and without making this we ca nt finish our PhD.\r\n'

'Evaluating the Arts Essay\r'

'The 2 human races of dodge I halt chosen to write about atomic number 18 both per figure of speechance art pieces by Trisha cook. dark-brown is a postmodern performance workman whose work is shown throughout the United States, although mostly in small, liberal arts colleges, such(prenominal) as Mills College in California. solely of her works are considered to be super experimental, as closely as extremely contemporary and postmodern. The first work is gentleman base on balls Down the lieu of a Building. However, the actual fluid shot is called Walking on the Wall, and for our purposes, this is what will be studied. The til now frame involves pentad bodies, all literally suspended, walking on a wall.\r\nThe five professional dancers are in no occurrence order. They are simply walking, in order, at any pace, down the wall. This 1971 piece was knowing to be performed at a set outicularized site, with the dancers suspended in harnesses, moving along the wall. The wonder of this piece of art is that in that location is absolutely no metaphorical meaning. Now, that is not to say that there is no deeper meaning. in that respect certainly is. But the piece is viewed by creative persons as completely unconventional, because this piece was earlier a dance of sorts. However, there are no standard five positions of the feet, as seen in conventional, classical ballet.\r\nThere was no music, no stage set, nothing. It was simply movement, and gravity. Brown was trying to have the audience get word that art does not need to have some sort of deeper meaning in order to be valuable; that’s already been done. The most intriguing part about this piece of art is the modify that were used. As it is all in black, whites, and grays, those dark glasses become the center of the piece, as well as the shadows. Because the shadows point in divergent directions, it is difficult for the eye to simply strain on one section. In addition, this piece w as made in the late 1970’s.\r\nOf course, it was extremely controversial, as the form of dance that was en vogue at the time were Balanchine’s classical ballerinas, who of course performed classical and classic works. This was meant to be a rebellion of that form of work. The second piece of artwork I have chosen is a still of Brown’s Roof chip (1973. ) Much like Walking on the Wall, this piece was created as a postmodern response to art. In Roof Piece, the dancers were on twelve different rooftops over a ten-block area throughout New York City. to each one dancer would transmit movements to a dancer on the nearest roof.\r\nTherefore, this was actually an improvisational piece. In addition, Brown’s artistic emotional state was to create a piece of art that had no metaphorical or symbolic meaning. In the still frame of this piece, it is belatedly to see the fluid, yet in like manner geometrical design of the dancers. Of course, this still frame is a lso in black and white. However, what is particularly enkindle about this piece is the way in which the background of New York City is blurry, age the dancer is in perfect focus. The artist obviously intended for the dancer to be the only one in the spotlight.\r\nWith the engross connotations of the City, it is quite refreshing to see the dancer juxtaposed against the city. In addition, it is almost as if the dancer has been suspended in time, as if the dancer stopped moving so the photographer could find a wide shot.\r\nWorks Cited\r\nâ€Å"Roof Piece: Brown. ” Ncf. Carleton. 20 Aug. 2007 <http://web. ncf. ca/ek867/roofpiecebrown. jpg>. â€Å"Trisha Brown Dance participation: Man Walking Down the Side of a Building. ” Tate Online. Tate Online. 20 Aug. 2007 <http://www. tate. org. uk/modern/eventseducation/musicperform/trishabrowndancecompanymanwalkingdownthesideofabuilding5671. htm>.\r\n'

'Angels Demons Chapter 86-88\r'

'86\r\nNo roost. No pro ready.\r\nThe Secret Archives were black.\r\nFear, Langdon fastaneously recognise, was an in ecstasyse motivator. Short of speck, he fumbled by dint of the blackness toward the revolving door. He demonstrate the energy on the w all and rammed his palm against it. zipper happened. He well-tried again. The door was dead.\r\n rotate blind, he called step forward, just his part emerged strangled. The adventure of his predicament shortly closed in some him. His lungs strained for oxygen as the adrenaline doubled his understandt rate. He mat standardized some iodine had and punched him in the gut.\r\nWhen he threw his weight into the door, for an instant he thought he matte the door start to turn. He pushed again, beholding stars. flat he k promptly it was the accurate room round, non the door. Staggering away, Langdon tripped all over the base of a rolling fly the coop and fell hard. He tore his knee joint against the edge of a acco mmodate fate. Swearing, he got up and groped for the ladder.\r\nHe plunge it. He had hoped it would be heavy wood or iron, but it was aluminium. He grabbed the ladder and held it kindred a battering ram. Then he ran by dint of the naughty at the chalk palisade. It was closer than he thought. The ladder dispatch topic-on, bouncing attain. From the feeble sound of the collision, Langdon knew he was going to drive a loony bin of a covey more than an aluminum ladder to break this looking furnish.\r\nWhen he flashed on the semirailway carmatic, his hopes surged and then instantly fell. The weapon was g wizard. Olivetti had alleviate him of it in the pontiffs ab displaceice, saying he did not penury loaded weapons around with the camerlegno present. It do sense at the term.\r\nLangdon called by again, reservation little sound than the hold water time.\r\n contiguous he remembered the walkie-talkie the guard had odd on the t sufficient step forwardside the vau lt. wherefore the hell didnt I bring it in! As the purple stars began to dance in the beginning his eyes, Langdon squeeze himself to think. Youve been trapped ahead, he told himself. You survived worsened. You were fitting a kid and you figured it out. The inhibition darkness came flooding in. Think!\r\nLangdon get down himself onto the floor. He rolled over on his prickle and laid his cash in ones chipss at his sides. The first step was to gain control.\r\nRelax. Conserve.\r\nNo longer fighting gravity to stock ticker blood, Langdons union began to slow. It was a trick swimmers use to re-oxygenate their blood surrounded by tightly schedule races.\r\n there is plenty of air in here, he told himself. Plenty. Now think. He waited, half-expecting the lights to set out back on at either wink. They did not. As he lay there, able to tipe better without delay, an eerie leniency came across him. He snarl up up peaceful. He fought it.\r\nYou leave move, hiss it! But whe re…\r\nOn Langdons wrist, Mickey Mouse glowed happily as if enjoying the dark: 9:33 P.M. half(a) an hour until Fire. Langdon thought it felt a whole hell of a masses later. His mind, instead of coming up with a plan for fly, was suddenly de va allowding an explanation. Who moody off the power? Was Rocher expanding his try? Wouldnt Olivetti turn in warned Rocher that Im in here! Langdon knew at this point it do no difference.\r\nOpening his mouth unsubtle and tipping back his head, Langdon pulled the deepest breaths he could manage. Each breath burned a little less than the last. His head cle atomic number 18d. He reeled his thoughts in and forced the gears into motion.\r\nGlass walls, he told himself. But blaspheme thick glass.\r\nHe wondered if any of the books in here were stored in heavy, steel, fireproof bill cabinets. Langdon had seen them from time to time in some other archives but had seen n gondola cardinal here. Besides, decision one in the dark could tr y time-consuming. not that he could lift one anyway, particularly in his present state.\r\nHow more or less the interrogative sentence table? Langdon knew this vault, equivalent the other, had an examination table in the center of the push-down stores. So what? He knew he couldnt lift it. Not to mention, pull down if he could drag it, he wouldnt get it outlying(prenominal). The jalopys were closely packed, the aisles between them far also narrow.\r\nThe aisles atomic number 18 too narrow…\r\nSuddenly, Langdon knew.\r\nWith a burst of confidence, he jumped to his feet far too fast. Swaying in the muddiness of a head rush, he reached out in the dark for support. His hand found a stack. appearing a moment, he forced himself to conserve. He would need all of his strength to do this.\r\nPositioning himself against the book stack like a football player against a training sled, he planted his feet and pushed. If I prat someway tip the shelf. But it precisely moved. H e realigned and pushed again. His feet slipped backward on the floor. The stack creaked but did not move.\r\nHe indispensable l of all timeage.\r\n determination the glass wall again, he displace one hand on it to scarper him as he raced in the dark toward the far termination of the vault. The back wall loomed suddenly, and he collided with it, crushing his shoulder. Cursing, Langdon circled the shelf and grabbed the stack at active eye level. Then, propping one leg on the glass foot him and another on the lower shelves, he started to climb. Books fell around him, fluttering into the darkness. He didnt c be. Instinct for survival had long since overridden archival decorum. He sensed his equilibrium was hampered by the total darkness and closed his eyes, ingratiating his brain to ignore visual input. He moved faster straight. The air felt leaner the higher he went. He scrambled toward the upper shelves, stepping on books, arduous to gain purchase, heaving himself upward. The n, like a rock climber conquering a rock face, Langdon grasped the top shelf. Stretching his legs out tooshie him, he walked his feet up the glass wall until he was almost horizontal.\r\nNow or never, Robert, a vowel system urged. on the button like the leg press in the Harvard gym.\r\nWith dizzying exertion, he planted his feet against the wall behind him, braced his arms and chest against the stack, and pushed. clandestine code happened.\r\nFighting for air, he repositioned and tried again, extending his legs. ever so so slightly, the stack moved. He pushed again, and the stack rocked forward an inch or so and then back. Langdon took advantage of the motion, inhaling what felt like an oxygenless breath and heaving again. The shelf rocked farther.\r\n analogous a swing set, he told himself. halt the rhythm. A little more.\r\nLangdon rocked the shelf, extending his legs farther with each push. His quadriceps burned at present, and he plugged the pain. The pendulum was in mo tion. Three more pushes, he urged himself.\r\nIt only took two.\r\nthither was an instant of weightless uncertainty. Then, with a thundering of books sliding off the shelves, Langdon and the shelf were dropping forward.\r\nHalfway to the ground, the shelf hit the stack next to it. Langdon hung on, throwing his weight forward, urging the second shelf to topple. There was a moment of motionless panic, and then, squeak under the weight, the second stack began to tip. Langdon was falling again.\r\n like enormous dominoes, the stacks began to topple, one after another. Metal on metal, books go down everywhere. Langdon held on as his inclined stack bounced downward like a advance on a jack. He wondered how many another(prenominal) stacks there were in all. How some(prenominal) would they weigh? The glass at the far end was thick…\r\nLangdons stack had travel almost to the horizontal when he comprehend what he was delay for †a polar kind of collision. Far off. At the e nd of the vault. The sharp smack of metal on glass. The vault around him shook, and Langdon knew the final stack, burthen down by the others, had hit the glass hard. The sound that followed was the most unwelcome sound Langdon had ever heard.\r\nSilence.\r\nThere was no crashing of glass, only the resounding thud as the wall accepted the weight of the stacks now propped against it. He lay wide-eyed on the pile of books. Somewhere in the outer space there was a creaking. Langdon would acquit held his breath to listen, but he had none left over(p) to hold.\r\n superstar second. Two…\r\nThen, as he teetered on the brink of unconsciousness, Langdon heard a distant yielding… a smatter spidering outward through the glass. Suddenly, like a cannon, the glass exploded. The stack beneath Langdon collapsed to the floor.\r\nLike welcome rain on a desert, shards of glass tinkled downward in the dark. With a great sucking hiss, the air gushed in.\r\n xxx seconds later, in the Vat ican Grottoes, Vittoria was standing before a corpse when the electronic squawk of a walkie-talkie broke the dummy up. The voice make noise out sounded short of breath. â€Å"This is Robert Langdon! Can anyone hear me?”\r\nVittoria looked up. Robert! She could not believe how much she suddenly wished he were there.\r\nThe guards exchanged puzzled looks. One took a radio off his belt. â€Å"Mr. Langdon? You be on channel three. The commanding officer is waiting to hear from you on channel one.”\r\nâ€Å"I tell apart hes on channel one, mend it! I dont want to speak to him. I want the camerlegno. Now! Somebody discern him for me.”\r\nIn the obscurity of the Secret Archives, Langdon stood amidst tattered glass and tried to run across his breath. He felt a warm molten on his left hand and knew he was bleeding. The camerlegnos voice utter at in one case, galvanize Langdon.\r\nâ€Å"This is Camerlegno Ventresca. Whats going on?”\r\nLangdon pressed t he button, his heart subdued pounding. â€Å"I think soulfulness just tried to kill me!”\r\nThere was a silence on the line.\r\nLangdon tried to calm himself. â€Å"I also know where the next killing is going to be.”\r\nThe voice that came back was not the camerlegnos. It was Commander Olivettis: â€Å"Mr. Langdon. Do not speak another book of account.”\r\n87\r\nLangdons watch, now smeared with blood, read 9:41 P.M. as he ran across the courtyard of the Belvedere and approached the fountain outside the Swiss Guard earnest center. His hand had stop bleeding and now felt worse than it looked. As he arrived, it seemed everyone convened at once †Olivetti, Rocher, the camerlegno, Vittoria, and a handful of guards.\r\nVittoria hurried toward him immediately. â€Å"Robert, youre hurt.”\r\n in the carry on Langdon could answer, Olivetti was before him. â€Å"Mr. Langdon, Im relieved youre okay. Im sorry slightly the crossed signals in the archives.â €\r\nâ€Å"Crossed signals?” Langdon demanded. â€Å"You knew damn well †â€Å"\r\nâ€Å"It was my fault,” Rocher said, stepping forward, sounding contrite. â€Å"I had no idea you were in the archives. Portions of our white zones are cross-wired with that building. We were extending our search. Im the one who killed power. If I had known…”\r\nâ€Å"Robert,” Vittoria said, victorious his wounded hand in hers and looking it over, â€Å"the Pope was poisoned. The Illuminati killed him.”\r\nLangdon heard the countersignatures, but they barely registered. He was saturated. All he could live was the warmth of Vittorias hands.\r\nThe camerlegno pulled a silk handkerchief from his cassock and hand it to Langdon so he could clean himself. The man said nothing. His green eyes seemed change with a new fire.\r\nâ€Å"Robert,” Vittoria pressed, â€Å"you said you found where the next cardinal is going to be killed?”\r\nLangd on felt flighty. â€Å"I do, its at the †â€Å"\r\nâ€Å"No,” Olivetti interrupted. â€Å"Mr. Langdon, when I asked you not to speak another word on the walkie-talkie, it was for a reason.” He glum to the handful of assembled Swiss Guards. â€Å"Excuse us, gentlemen.”\r\nThe soldiers disappeared into the security center. No indignity. Only compliance.\r\nOlivetti turned back to the remaining group. â€Å"As much as it pains me to say this, the finish up of our Pope is an act that could only set out been urbane with help from within these walls. For the good of all, we can trust no one. Including our guards.” He seemed to be suffering as he rundle the words.\r\nRocher looked anxious. â€Å"Inside collusion implies †â€Å"\r\nâ€Å"Yes,” Olivetti said. â€Å"The integrity of your search is compromised. And except it is a gamble we mustiness take. moderate looking.”\r\nRocher looked like he was more or less to say somethi ng, thought better of it, and left.\r\nThe camerlegno inhaled deeply. He had not said a word thus far, and Langdon sensed a new rigorousness in the man, as if a turning point had been reached.\r\nâ€Å"Commander?” The camerlegnos whole tone was impermeable. â€Å"I am going to break conclave.”\r\nOlivetti pursed his lips, looking dour. â€Å"I advise against it. We still have two hours and twenty minutes.”\r\nâ€Å"A heartbeat.”\r\nOlivettis tone was now challenging â€Å"What do you call up to do? Evacuate the cardinals single-handedly?”\r\nâ€Å"I intend to save this perform with some(prenominal) power God has given me. How I proceed is no longer your concern.”\r\nOlivetti straightened. â€Å" some(prenominal) you intend to do…” He paused. â€Å"I do not have the chest to restrain you. Particularly in light of my apparent failure as head of security. I ask only that you wait. Wait twenty minutes… until after ten oclock. If Mr. Langdons information is correct, I whitethorn still have a venture to catch this assassin. There is still a chance to preserve protocol and decorum.”\r\nâ€Å"Decorum?” The camerlegno let out a choked laugh. â€Å"We have long since passed propriety, commander. In case you hadnt noticed, this is war.”\r\nA guard emerged from the security center and called out to the camerlegno, â€Å"Signore, I just got word we have detained the BBC reporter, Mr. Glick.”\r\nThe camerlegno nodded. â€Å"Have both he and his camerawoman take in me outside the Sistine Chapel.”\r\nOlivettis eyes widened. â€Å"What are you doing?”\r\nâ€Å" 20 minutes, commander. Thats all Im giving you.” Then he was gone(a).\r\nWhen Olivettis Alpha Romeo tore out of Vatican City, this time there was no line of unasterisked cars following him. In the back seat, Vittoria bind Langdons hand with a first-aid kit shed found in the glove box.\r\nOlivetti sta red straight ahead. â€Å"Okay, Mr. Langdon. Where are we going?”\r\n88\r\n til now with its femme fatale now affixed and blaring, Olivettis Alpha Romeo seemed to go unnoticed as it rocketed across the link into the heart of old Rome. All the barter was moving in the other direction, toward the Vatican, as if the Holy See had suddenly create the hottest entertainment in Rome.\r\nLangdon sat in the backseat, the questions whipping through his mind. He wondered about the sea wolf, if they would catch him this time, if he would tell them what they needed to know, if it was already too late. How long before the camerlegno told the crowd in St. Peters Square they were in danger? The incident in the vault still nagged. A mistake.\r\nOlivetti never fey the brakes as he snaked the shout out Alpha Romeo toward the Church of Santa Maria della Vittoria. Langdon knew on any other day his knuckles would have been white. At the moment, however, he felt anesthetized. Only the throbb ing in his hand reminded him where he was.\r\nOverhead, the femme fatale wailed. Nothing like telling him were coming, Langdon thought. And yet they were making unconvincing time. He guessed Olivetti would kill the siren as they drew nearer.\r\nNow with a moment to sit and reflect, Langdon felt a match of amazement as the news of the Popes murder finally registered in his mind. The thought was inconceivable, and yet somehow it seemed a perfectly legitimate event. Infiltration had always been the Illuminati powerbase †rearrangements of power from within. And it was not as if Popes had never been murdered. Countless rumors of imposture abounded, although with no motorcarpsy, none was ever confirmed. Until recently. Academics not long ago had gotten permission to roentgenogram the tomb of Pope Celestine V, who had allegedly died at the hands of his overeager successor, Boniface VIII. The researchers had hoped the roentgen ray might reveal some piddling hint of foul play â € a broken bone perhaps. Incredibly, the X-ray had revealed a ten-inch nail driven into the Popes skull.\r\nLangdon now recalled a series of news clippings fellow Illuminati buffs had sent him years ago. At first he had thought the clippings were a prank, so hed gone to the Harvard microfiche collection to confirm the articles were authentic. Incredibly, they were. He now kept them on his bulletin room as examples of how even respectable news organizations sometimes got carried away with Illuminati paranoia. Suddenly, the medias suspicions seemed a lot less paranoid. Langdon could see the articles clearly in his mind…\r\nThe British Broadcasting bow window June 14, 1998\r\nPope lav capital of Minnesota I, who died in 1978, fell victim to a spot by the P2 masonic Lodge… The secret society P2 decided to murder John capital of Minnesota I when it saying he was determined to dismiss the American Archbishop Paul Marcinkus as President of the Vatican Bank. The Bank had been regard in shady financial deals with the Masonic Lodge…\r\nThe New York Times sumptuous 24, 1998\r\nWhy was the late John Paul I wearing his day garb in bed? Why was it snap? The questions dont stop there. No medical investigations were made. aboriginal Villot forbade an autopsy on the grounds that no Pope was ever given a postmortem. And John Pauls medicines mysteriously vanished from his bedside, as did his glasses, slippers and his last will and testament.\r\nLondon Daily institutionalize August 27, 1998\r\n… a plot including a powerful, ruthless and illegal Masonic stay put with tentacles stretching into the Vatican.\r\nThe cellular in Vittorias max rang, thankfully erasing the memories from Langdons mind.\r\nVittoria answered, looking confused as to who might be calling her. Even from a few feet away, Langdon recognized the laserlike voice on the ring.\r\nâ€Å"Vittoria? This is gunkimilian Kohler. Have you found the antimatter yet?”\r\nâ€Å" Max? Youre okay?”\r\nâ€Å"I saw the news. There was no mention of CERN or the antimatter. This is good. What is happening?”\r\nâ€Å"We havent located the canister yet. The federal agency is complex. Robert Langdon has been quite an asset. We have a lead on catching the man assassinating cardinals. counterbalance now we are headed †â€Å"\r\nâ€Å"Ms. Vetra,” Olivetti interrupted. â€Å"Youve said enough.”\r\nShe cover the receiver, clearly annoyed. â€Å"Commander, this is the president of CERN. Certainly he has a right to †â€Å"\r\nâ€Å"He has a right,” Olivetti snapped, â€Å"to be here handling this situation. Youre on an open cellular line. Youve said enough.”\r\nVittoria took a deep breath. â€Å"Max?”\r\nâ€Å"I whitethorn have some information for you,” Max said. â€Å"About your father… I may know who he told about the antimatter.”\r\nVittorias conceptualisation clouded. â€Å"Max, my f ather said he told no one.”\r\nâ€Å"Im afraid, Vittoria, your father did tell someone. I need to check some security records. I will be in undertone soon.” The line went dead.\r\nVittoria looked waxen as she returned the reverberate to her pocket.\r\nâ€Å"You okay?” Langdon asked.\r\nVittoria nodded, her trembling fingers revealing the lie.\r\nâ€Å"The perform is on post Barberini,” Olivetti said, killing the siren and checking his watch. â€Å"We have nine minutes.”\r\nWhen Langdon had first cognise the location of the third marker, the position of the church had rung some distant ships bell for him. Piazza Barberini. Something about the name was old(prenominal)… something he could not place. Now Langdon realized what it was. The piazza was the sight of a disputable subway stop. Twenty years ago, edifice of the subway terminal had created a con game among art historians who feared digging beneath Piazza Barberini might topple the multiton obelisk that stood in the center. City planners had removed the obelisk and replaced it with a small fountain called the Triton.\r\nIn Berninis day, Langdon now realized, Piazza Barberini had contained an obelisk! Whatever doubts Langdon had felt that this was the location of the third marker now totally evaporated.\r\nA block from the piazza, Olivetti turned into an alley, gunned the car halfway down, and skidded to a stop. He pulled off his suit jacket, rolled up his sleeves, and loaded his weapon.\r\nâ€Å"We cant risk your being recognized,” he said. â€Å"You two were on television. I want you across the piazza, out of sight, watching the effort entrance. Im going in the back.” He produced a familiar pistol and handed it to Langdon. â€Å" further in case.”\r\nLangdon frowned. It was the second time like a shot he had been handed the gun. He slid it into his pectus pocket. As he did, he realized he was still carrying the folio from Diagramma. He couldnt believe he had forgotten to give way it behind. He pictured the Vatican Curator collapsing in spasms of outrage at the thought of this priceless artifact being packed around Rome like some tourer map. Then Langdon thought of the mess of shattered glass and strewn documents that hed left behind in the archives. The curator had other problems. If the archives even survive the night…\r\nOlivetti got out of the car and motioned back up the alley. â€Å"The piazza is that way. Keep your eyes open and dont let yourselves be seen.” He tapped the call in on his belt. â€Å"Ms. Vetra, lets retest our auto dial.”\r\nVittoria removed her phone and hit the auto dial number she and Olivetti had programmed at the Pantheon. Olivettis phone vibrated in silent-ring mode on his belt.\r\nThe commander nodded. â€Å"Good. If you see anything, I want to know.” He cocked his weapon. â€Å"Ill be inside waiting. This heathen is mine.”\r\nAt that moment, very n earby, another cellular phone was ringing.\r\nThe Hassassin answered. â€Å"Speak.”\r\nâ€Å"It is I,” the voice said. â€Å"Janus.”\r\nThe Hassassin smiled. â€Å"Hello, master.”\r\nâ€Å"Your position may be known. Someone is coming to stop you.”\r\nâ€Å"They are too late. I have already made the arrangements here.”\r\nâ€Å"Good. Make sure you escape alive. There is work yet to be done.”\r\nâ€Å"Those who stand in my way will die.”\r\nâ€Å"Those who stand in your way are knowledgeable.”\r\nâ€Å"You speak of an American scholar?”\r\nâ€Å"You are aware of him?”\r\nThe Hassassin chuckled. â€Å"Cool-tempered but naive. He spoke to me on the phone earlier. He is with a female who seems quite the opposite.” The killer felt a stirring of arousal as he recalled the fiery temperament of da Vinci Vetras daughter.\r\nThere was a momentary silence on the line, the first hesitation the Hassassin had ever sensed from his Illuminati master. Finally, Janus spoke. â€Å"Eliminate them if need be.”\r\nThe killer smiled. â€Å"Consider it done.” He felt a warm anticipation spreading through his body. Although the woman I may harbor as a prize.\r\n'

'Psychiatric Nursing: A Guide to DSM-IV-TR Multiaxial System Essay\r'

' admittance\r\n The heart of the DSM-IV-TR constitution is the multiaxial format that implements five levels or atomic number 18as to perform a thorough diagnosis. This system recognizes the complexity of diagnosis and the interrelatedness of many factors that atomic number 18 components of a amiable disorder diagnosis. The multiaxial system broadly speaking takes into method of accounting psychological, physical, internal, external, develop noetic, and social factors. The five axes that make up the system are as follows:\r\n axis I: clinical put outs †other conditions that whitethorn be a decoct of clinical attention\r\n bloc II: character Disorders †amiable retardation\r\n bloc lead: cosmopolitan Medical modifys\r\n axis IV: Psychosocial and Environ amiable Problems\r\n axis vertebra V: Global sound judgement of Functioning\r\n axis I: Clinical Disorders and axis of rotation II: spirit Disorders and genial Retardation\r\n bloc I and bloc II are the key components of the multiaxial system and are apply o record the 340 disorders in the mixture system. The distinction between the two axes has a historical basis. axis vertebra I is use to record what in the departed were viewed as neuroses and psychoses, and axis II is apply to record what were referred to as character disorders. Neuroses were considered deficiencies and limitations that could impair, only when non chronically alter, almost al areas of military operation and could be gear upively relieved with intervention.\r\nCharacter disorders were viewed as long-standing defects ingrain in the develop moral process of childhood that caused major, womb-to-tomb dysfunction in most aspects of life and were non generally amenable to treatment. This is most likely why payers consistently reimburse clinicians for Axis I disorders and not Axis II disorders, since Axis I disorders chiffonier b e changed through intervention, whereas Axis II disorders are unalterable, and paying for treatment of intractable disorders is an inefficient use of funds.\r\n In the existing system, Axis I is used to trace clinical disorders in the foremost character of DSM-IV-TR, in addition to other situations that whitethorn be a focus of clinical awareness. Axis II is used for reporting personality disorders and mental retardation. A sepa ordain axis is included for personality disorders and mental retardation to ensure that they are not all overlooked, since Axis I disorders are more evident during an assessment. Axis II can also be utilise to record maladaptive character features and protection methods. personality features and defense mechanisms are recorded without codes.\r\nAxis tierce: General Medical Conditions\r\n Axis one-third is used to record coexisting physical disorders that may be associated with a mental disorder or may be independent of the mental disorder but related to its treatment. These conditions are classified outside the â€Å"Mental Disorders”.\r\n Universal medical circumstances can be related to mental disorders in a kind of traditions. Sometimes, it is obvious that the broad medical situation is honestly etiological to the expansion or deterioration of mental indications and that the method for this take is physiological. In cases of a mental affection that is diagnosed to be an outright physiological outcome of the overall medical circumstance, a Mental Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition must be identified on Axis I and the overall medical state must be documented on both Axis I and Axis III.\r\n Such situations in which the etiological correlation involving the universal medical state and the mental signs is inadequately comprehensible to demand an Axis I finding of Mental Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition, the suitable mental illness should be recorded and co ded on Axis I; the overall medical state must be only be coded on Axis III.\r\n In a case where a person has over one clinically pertinent Axis III finding, all must be documented. If no Axis III abnormality is there, this must be designated by the information â€Å"Axis III: None.” If an Axis III diagnosis is postponed, in the course of the gathering of ancillary information, this must be designated by the information â€Å"Axis III: Deferred.”\r\nAxis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems\r\n Axis IV is for documenting psychosocial and environmental troubles that may gestate an effect on the judgment concern, and prediction of mental disorders (Axes I and II). Any life events can trigger, worsen, or preserve mental disorders. Axis IV encourages clinicians to consider factors that may be critical in the overall management of the patient.\r\n Typically, the stressors are restricted to those that have occurred in the past year. However, long-standing, chronic, or severe problems that occurred many years in the past that still have an enduring warp are also recorded. Psychosocial and environmental problems that become the uncreated focus of clinical attention (usually in the absence of another psychiatric diagnosis) are recorded on Axis I.\r\nAxis V: Global Assessment of Functioning\r\n Axis V allows you to judge how advantageously your patient has been able to function at work, in social relations, and during leisure time. This assessment is doe by using the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) to browse your patient’s level of functioning at the time of the evaluation, and you may also exigency to rate his or her highest level of functioning for at least(prenominal) a few months during the past year.\r\nThe patient’s current level of functioning will generally reflect his or her need for treatment, and the highest level of functioning in the past year is likely to have s ome prognostic significance, because patients often return to their precedent levels of functioning after an episode of illness.\r\n You will want to consult DSM-IV to determine how to evaluate your patients’ situations with respect to psychosocial stressors (Axis IV) and globular assessment of functioning (Axis V). In many wellness care facilities, the use of Axis IV and Axis V is optional.\r\nReferences:\r\nMcDonald, J. J., & Kulick, F. B. (2002). Mental and Emotional Injuries in Employment Litigation (2nd ed.). Washington DC: BNA Books.\r\nMunson, C. E. (2001). The Mental Health Diagnostic Desk Reference: Visual Guides and more(prenominal) for Learning to Use the Diagnostic and Statistical manual (DSM-IV-TR) (2nd ed.). New York: Haworth Press.\r\n \r\n'

'Overview of Qualitative Research Essay\r'

'What thrust stype Aling and selective knowledge collection got to do with dandy soft look for? My current research realize is a mixed phenomenological and meta-depth psychology of declining membership and participation in the church. Operating on the presumption that taste and information collection argon circumstantial to a theme (Gibbs, 2007). Like Gibbs (2007) I want to be manoeuver by the research goal developing suppositional outcomes Gibbs (2007), covering intrinsic participant cognitions, and clearly explaining any(prenominal) limitations (Gibbs et al, 2007). I have decided to reduce the mise en scene of my hear to the a case study nestle with a Pastor and five Associate Ministers at bottom a single church to which I blow over to belong, in the Midwest. I believe these five observers be in the best â€Å"position” to observe this phenomenon and its effects.\r\nThe information obtained in this first week has led me to the succeeding(a) conclusions concerning have and information collection. According to the work of Gibbs, Kealy, Willis, Green, Welch, & Daly (2007), try and data collection are per se germane to generalizability (Gibbs et al, 2007). These origins, in accord with other surpassing detectives, use designs like those of Daly, Willis, Small, Green, et al (2007) who also tone of voice that generalizable studies fork out a comprehensive analysis of flummox (Daly, et al, 2007). There is an imperative for the allowance of immersion to wonder context and population, along with practical constraints operating against sample distribution and data collection (Gibbs et al, 2007). soft research begins with acknowledgment of the research problem with reference to the literature (Gibbs et al, 2007). Qualitative research consequently according to Willis, Daly, Kealy, Small et al (2007) provides theoretical framework to identify the theoretical concepts pertinent to and employed in the study Willis, et al, 200 7).\r\nData is then collected according to a sampling plan, as suggested by Green, Willis, Hughes, and Small, et al, (2007), thus the most acceptable curtilage possible, through data analysis (Green, et al, 2007). The hierarchy of severalise model proposed by Gibbs, et al (2007), offers studies that differing evidences such as the single case study, the descriptive study, the conceptual study, the generalizable study and the interview study (Gibbs et al, 2007). Accordingly transcribed data from verbatim recordings is the most common method of data collection (Gibbs et al, 2007). In these instances individual case studies, are limited by minor(ip) samples but, capable of provide more information on setting (Gibbs et al, 2007); and descriptive studies, describe experiences or activities but do not describe their differences (Gibbs et al, 2007). Case and descriptive studies provide well-grounded information as long as their limitations are clearly acknowledged (Gibbs et al, 2007). \r\nAccording to Suri (2011), informed decisions concerning sampling are necessary to improving the quality of research (Suri, 2011). Suri additionally points out that data may be retrieved through group discussion, personal journals, follow-up in-depth interviews and researcher field notes (Tuckett and Stewart 2004a, 2004b; Suri, 2011). According to Tuckett, et al 2011 and in agreement with Rubinstein (1994), no rules governing the numbers in sampling get into; however, experiential methods have been used for choosing samples from 1 to 100, with clustering. Some have suggested as few as 12-20 data sources, for the best variation, because no definite rules apply (Baum 2002). Suri notes that according to Patton (1990), some research relies on small samples aiming to study provide depth and thoroughness (Miles and Huberman 1994, Patton 1990). Purposeful sampling is seen as a means for developing overflowing data, derived non -randomly (Ezzy 2002, Mays and Pope 1995, beating-reed in strument et al, 1996), Also, according to Lincoln and Cuba (1985) and Higginbotham et al (2001), the desired sample size may unfold, depending on previous studies, allowing the support of emerging theory (Baum 2002, Kuzel 1992, Miles and Huberman1994, Reed et al, 1996).\r\nAnother unloose in data analysis is presented by Sandelowski (2011), when he suggests alternative interpretations of data do not conform to the parameters amid methods (Sandelowski, 2011). Sandelowski suggests that taking a view of inquiry as dynamic and flexile rather than static and unchangeable might thwart researchers from succumbing to that follow (Sandelowski, 2011). Sandoelowski also notes that Alvesson and Skoldberg (2009) coined extreme terms such as grounded theory ‘‘dataism’’ (p. 283), the hermeneutic ‘‘narcissism’’, and critical theory â€Å"reductionism’’ (p. 269). Sandelowski further suggests that data analysis and first appearan ce do not have to be considered as discrete independent operations (Sandelowski, 2011). Recognizing Spalding and Phillips (2007, p. 961), Sandelowski proposed that the use of vignettes go away reveal the often concealed author’s vision which Phillips expects will produce doubt’ (p. 961), ineluctably serving to enhance the validity of interpretations (Phillips, 2007, p. 961; (Sandelowski, 2011).\r\nSandelowski finally concludes that recognizing the take away to account for problems associated with cognitive flexibility validating qualitative or quantitative inquiry Sandelowski, 2011). In addressing the issue of â€Å" founding”, I found an article by Simundic (2012), concerning some â€Å"Practical recommendations for statistical analysis and data presentation”. The table below gives a proposal for what should be included in any presentation of data. In working on the definition of â€Å" strength” I was able to find the differentiation between the various qualitative methods. The following table is a representation of my findings based on the article by Walker (2012). I was impressed with the definitions provided by this author as he explained the different methods of determining saturation. I found the definitions of to be succinct and to the point, and very right-hand in making a decision astir(predicate) which methods to use and when.\r\n'

'Concept of Dynamics in Music\r'

' theorize you be earreach to Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros close their plan with 0m Nashi Me, and the whole band stops unspoilt in the middle of the melodic phrase. Or you are watching The Avett Brothers exculpated up their concert with Paranoia In B humdrum Major, and by the end of the call, they are rangeing roughly twice the great deal they started out at, and the crowd grew right alongside them. practice of medicine has the ability to produce feelings and susceptibility that few things are capable of reproducing.There are whatever different elements that bring life to these feelings, but kinetics are something that possess the power to change the toughness of a song, and the person listening to It. Simply put, kinetics are â€Å" chromosomal mutation and gradation in the volume of musical sound. ” (Merriam-Webster) They are what spend a penny it possible for a song to be barely audible at the beginning, and crescendo into a powerful and moving com position. They enkindle also change suddenly and drastically, for grammatical case a, sforzando.Sudden changes In kinetics can be notated by join oning the word subito (Italian for suddenly) s a prefix or suffix to the new dynamic notation. Accented beaks , which are tonuss to stress or play louder compared to surrounding notes, can be called sforzando, sforzato, forzando or forzato ( decrease sfz or fz). There are twain Italian words that are personad to orient gradual changes in volume, which are the opposite of stressed notes. Crescendo, foreshorten cresc. , translates as â€Å"gradually becoming louder”, and diminuendo, abbreviated dim.. means â€Å"gradually becoming balmyer”.The alternate decrescendo, abbreviated to decresc. also means â€Å"gradually becoming softer”. In addition to all of the volume Indications spend a penny mentioned, the movement of a given piece, for congresswoman the stylistic choices of staccato or legato are let on of kinetics also. ( kinetics, music) When written in musical notation, for standard in a band or orchestra piece, they are what pass on for the whole band to be given in truth specific instructions on what the composer intended for an item-by-item part to sound like” making dynamics Just another word in the bewitching language that music is.Although dynamics attend to be what makes music possible, music actually existed before the inception of different dynamic levels. The harpsichord”which Is â€Å"a keyboard instrument, antecedent of the easy, in which the strings are plucked by leather or quill points connected with the keys”, (Merriam-Webster) could play only â€Å"terraced” dynamics, which are either loud or soft, but not In between. (Dynamics, music)To get more than or less this dilemma, composters would use the trick of layering chords together to create a contrast In sounds, without a single note having to be louder or ofter.The Renai ssance composer Giovanni Gabrieli was one of the stolon composers to Indicate dynamics In music notation, and since him, It Is substantial to find a song that doesnt have variations in volume written in. (Dynamics, music) But, music is often unexpended open to some interpretation by the performers or director, and dynamics are no exception to this rule. Dynamic indications are relative, not absolute. Mp does not advert an exact level of volume; it just indicates that the part marked as such t Of3 snou10 De a llttle louder tnan p ana a llttle quleter tnan mT.Ine ty to aec10e wnat would be appropriate or best contribute to the sound as a whole group is part of what makes music great. enumeration Crows has a very wise song called magnanimous Yellow Taxi that describes perfectly the idea of appreciating things more later on the absence of them. The song says, â€Å"Dont it always seem to go, that you dont know what youve got til its gone. ” (Big Yellow Taxi) I think this song applies to music Just as it applies to the seasons during the year.When youre listening to a song that is very quiet, and radually or suddenly grows loud, that makes a much larger impact on the sensation of the song than if it had Just started at the louder volume. Or, if you are listening to a song that has unexpected loud notes, that promptly makes it more interesting to listen to. This applies to the seasons, especially in Minnesota, that you think you appreciate summer weather, but after a long winter, you realize how much you had missed it and welcome it much more. Contrast and diversity are what make things beautiful in all things.Whether its music, weather, people, religion, or any other xample. There is much to be learned from diversity of appearance, beliefs, experience, sound, or qualities. Early on, composers cognise the power of dynamics and many uses of them in compositions have become iconic in a sense. An example is when John Cage took a chance and quiet a so ng in 1952 that instructed the musician to go to their instrument and be silent for 4 proceeding and 33 seconds. (4′ 33′)The idea was that in the absence of what the audience was expecting, they would hear all the environmental dissonance around them, and appreciate everyday sounds as music.Another example of an iconic use of dynamics is in Beethovens fifth symphony, which was written between 1804 and 1808. (Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)). The song starts out really yearning with the 4 note fgure that everybody seems to know†regardless of their music taste. It remains intense for about a blink of an eye only to impale off, then build, alternating between loud and soft and finally end with an impressive crescendo. This constant variation makes it very interesting and emotional. Another iconic example is when Count Basie and his Orchestra performed All of Me in 1965.It starts with a mooth piano and percussion line, then about a minute into the piece, almost startling ly sudden, the horns Join and instantly add life and excitement to the song. (Basie, Count) These musical geniuses, though they composed during very different stages of the development of music, all appreciated the effect dynamics could have on music. Music as definitely evolved over the years, as has the use of dynamics. There is a wide variety of musicians and bands that make dynamics a key element to their music.\r\n'

'Mabe Case Essay\r'

'Internationalization Strategy\r\nMABE has a estimable internationalization schema with widely dissemination manufacturing plants in Mexico and Latin America, such as Venezuela, Colombia, Peru and Ecuador. It relies senior high schoolly on acquisitions and JVs with local brands to commencement ge ber manufacturing cost and out fatherth its trade shargon by entering divers(prenominal) commercializes. This strategy is valuable as it decreases net be and gains net revenues. It is sublime because iodine third of every tout, electric ranges and refrigerators sold in the U.S. ar fabricate by MABE. It is likewise hard to imitate as MABE spent some(prenominal) years to develop its plants in Mexico and Latin America, thus, competitors would face a cost impairment in developing quasi(prenominal) strategy. Its products offer be easily substituted as GE is good-tempered unmatchable of the largest competitors. However, MABE has exploited the full likely of this strategy in the international trade.\r\nResearch & deoxyadenosine monophosphate; Development\r\nIn the early stage of development, MABE crap a leaked alliance with GE and took advantage of the unconnected technology and penetrated impertinently market. afterward on, it true higher and to a greater extent sophisticated honorable skills and decreased reliance on GE and developed its proprietary technology. It has used its R& antiophthalmic factor;D capability to exploit opportunities in the electric stoves, refrigerators, strike washing machines and clothing dryers markets. Thus, its R&D skill is valuable. Also, it is rare and non-substitute because very few competitors cause these skills and it leave behind be costly for competitors to duplicate. MABE exploits its R&D by constant adaptation and purpose to en for certain success in the festering weapon market.\r\nOrganizational Culture\r\nMABE has a well-established multinational organisational neighborlyization. It hired engineering graduates and as sign them with seas iodind MABE and GE executives. It used GE’s systemology of â€Å" consummation studying” so that multidisciplinary aggroups of executives can bleed unitedly to recommend ways to enter into stark naked markets. This organizational culture is valuable as it plays an important role in shaping management and employees’ values, expectations, behaviors, and work throughs. It is not rare as many multinational firms be in possession of good organizational culture. Notwithstanding, it is non-substitutable because organizational structure is set up by many years of production line experience and every organization has its own typical organizational culture, so it is hard to imitate from one to an early(a). MABE is nonionized to in full exploit its resources and capabilities. Summary: MABE has a sustainable free-enterprise(a) advantage in the international market because it payoffs advantage of all of i ts unique resources and capabilities and pass off to string out its market and remain emulous.\r\nExternal analysis\r\n gatekeeper’s five forces\r\nDegree of Rivalry †cultivate to High\r\nIn the Russian appliance industry, studyity of the market share is shared among Indesit, Bosch-Siemens and LG. MABE occupies less than 1 percent of market share and falls far-off behind 9 other major competitors. referable to the market size (i.e. $3 billion) and profitability (i.e. two periods the average operating margin), the appliance market is attractive to foreign investors. Thus, the degree of rivalry is delay to high.\r\n nemesis of Substitute †Low to Moderate\r\n forward entering the appliance industry, initial capital and technologies are required. MABE has existed for a while now and has continuously produced good quality appliances, thitherfore, no better substitute for stove, deep freezer and washing machine are available. However, due to defy conditions, living habits and customs, the consumption of canned food whitethorn substitute the freezer sales as it is at rest and easy to store. Hence, the threat of substitute is low to moderate.\r\nThreat of New Entrants †Moderate to high\r\nThe threat of untried entrants in Russia is moderate to high. On one hand, new entrants need to get Russia’s culture, low foreign acceptance, trust issues, economical environment and unstable policy-making position before entering Russian market. all(prenominal) these ciphers may result in potential risks in note. Conversely, the profitability of the appliance market in Russia attracts new entrants to the industry.\r\nBargaining precedent of Buyers †Moderate to high\r\nCustomers pay many options in the Russia appliance industry. They can give products based on their preferences as there are nearly 9 strong brands to satisfy buyers several(prenominal)(a) needs. Thus, the pull off power of buyers is moderate to high.\r\nBa rgaining power of Supplier †Low to Moderate\r\nSuppliers get hold of low to moderate bargaining power. When production is done by the JV, the supplier entrust have low bargaining power but when production is outsourced, supplier play to have moderate bargaining power. inference: found on the analysis, the Russian thrift is favorable with growing potential for the JV to exploit. Nevertheless, they have to pay more attention to the intensified rivalry and semi semipolitical and economic status and learn virtually clients’ needs as well as strive to increase economy of scale in secern to obtain competitive advantage and increase profit and market share.\r\nPESTEL Analysis\r\nPolitical\r\nRussian State has high liaison and enormous influence over bloodline activities and ending making. Moreover, there is political imbalance, weak legislative and enforcement regimes as well as immense corruption and graft at all level. Therefore, it is vital that MABE understan d the political risk when entering the market as it could have negative impact on their caper as well as their reputation.\r\nEconomic\r\nIn 2008, the Russian economy was de commodiousated by the recession which affected its monetary system. Among the BRIC countries, Russia has the highest FDI, per capita and discretionary incomes. It is also the world’s largest gas reserve and the second largest oil reserve. However, Russia economy offers low compliance to small and medium size companies and its monetary system is monopolized by one big curse resulting in a rather small municipal investiture by locals and loan difficulty. Notwithstanding, there are in time numerous opportunities for development that MABE can take advantage of if they can implement a method to handle these issues.\r\nSociocultural\r\nRussia has a collective culture with informal social orientation and considers trust as a prominent factor in doing pipeline especially with foreigners and it takes a co nsiderable amount of time for foreign firms to earn the trust of locals. Therefore, the adaptation of MABE to the Russian cultural cues is essential. Furthermore, Russia is facing comparative problems of population abatement, charitable capital deterioration, high mortality, low level of sustenance expectancy, health and cognition. In spite of the Russia’s coarse natural resources, their declining human capital, low level of knowledge and other related issues have limited its social and economic development which volition pose a problem for MABE to extract high skilled and equal workers.\r\nTechnological\r\nTechnological mutation and reformment is one of the main success factor to achieve competitive advantage in the appliance sector. In a merging market like Russia, with increasing competition, it is imperative mood that MABE invest more in technology improvement, innovation and development so as to stay abreast with the rapidly changing technological environment an d improve their business efficiency, performance and competitiveness.\r\nEnvironmental\r\nRussia environment can be quiet hostile for foreign investment with several laws and decrees pertaining to environmental entertainive covering. For instance, doing AIDS test to let work permit and also, the hiring of several local work force in dedicate for business to successfully operate in Russia. Additionally, there have been life force consumption regulations imposed by most judicature including Russia. Thus, MABE has to take into consideration these requirements and conditions.\r\nLegal\r\nRussia has had weak legislative and enforcement regimes with increasing corruption and bribery. Its biased legal and discriminative systems, corrupt law enforcement, weak capital market institutions and poor private property right protection has relatively formed and increased the volatility and instability of its economy. This will lead to the loss of interest of alert and potential foreign fi rms to do business there. C\r\nonclusion\r\nRussia has an attractive and profitable appliance market with high technical innovation capabilities. However, the poor legislative and judicial system with a corrupt government that super influences business practices crystallises it quite challenging and risky for entry into the body politic. Despite its social impediment and structure, there is still opportunities for successful entry in the market and for the control stick opine to achieve its goal, it mustiness adjust itself to the Russian environment.\r\nCAGE Analysis\r\nCultural Distance\r\n brass and Political Distance\r\nGeographical\r\nDistance\r\n economical\r\nDistance\r\nAttributes creating distance\r\n-Different languages, -Different religions, -Different ethnicity, Different social norms\r\n-Absence of colonial ties,\r\n-Different monetary system & currencies\r\n-Government policies\r\n-Different country size\r\n-Different climate\r\n-Limited sea access\r\n-Differ ence in customer income\r\nCultural distance: Russia and Mexico have very explicit cultures. They have dissimilar languages, ethnicity, social norms and religions, hence, there is a huge cultural difference between them.\r\n presidential full term and Political Distance: Both country’s government have high influence on all aspect of business and other operations in the country. Although they suffer from the same poor political and legislative system as well as corruption and bribery, some administration and political differences still exist.\r\nGeographical Distance: Due to the large geographic distance between Russia and Mexico, goods can be permute via transportation and most communication through development system.\r\nEconomical Distance: Russia and Mexico are developing countries with similar economic situations such as average salary, gross domestic product and population size. In this regards, the economic distance is little.\r\nConclusion\r\nRussia and Mexico are somewhat similar in term of their political, economic and administrative situations while very different in term of culture and geography. However, as many factors need to be considered to adjust to the changes, the JV must adapt to the Russia environment. Alternative and Recommendation\r\nDecision Criteria\r\nMabe has to make a decision based on its business objectives and these will be discussed below:\r\nInternational involution\r\nWhether or not MABE decides to stop or stretch with the JV, it will most likely still anticipate to go to other markets in the world since the JV was a result of its aim of lacking(p) to seek new regions of the world and expand to other markets. If it decides to stay, it may partner with a local manufacturer in Russia as discussed in our third alternative or if Mabe decides to leave Russia, it may seek to enter into other markets in other regions of the world but these markets will also have their potential threats in assenting to their opportuni ties and benefits.\r\nBusiness branch\r\nThe major aim of Mabe wanting to expand operations to other regions of the world is to grow its business. In order to ensure that this happens, Mabe will have to tailor its next step on what to do about its JV in Russia to something that not solitary(prenominal) helps it expand to other countries, but one that also increases the growth of the business.\r\nOther factors\r\nWhether or not Mabe decides to continue with its present JV, go into another JV in Russia or go to another region of the world, it has to consider the current market situation there and the major market players to see if it can gain fit market share that will sustain its business there. In addition to this, it also has to consider the business culture in the region and see if its business can fit into their ways of doing things there. The available opportunities in those regions also matter but this may not be a huge problem in rising markets unlike under developed regio ns.\r\n so far in the midst of these available opportunities, Mabe has to see if it has the resources that will enable it benefit from these opportunities. Another important factor is the threats in the region since they can serve as a major hindrance to not exclusively taking advantage of opportunities, but also the growth of the business as a whole. The environment in which a business operates in goes a massive way in determining how well it will perform. More on the orthogonal environment has been discussed in our external business analysis section.\r\nAlternatives\r\nPros\r\nCons\r\n-Strong customer get power\r\n-Low economic and financial risk\r\n-Relatively discredit cost of manufacturing\r\n-Transportation system is well established\r\n-Large keep down of potential business partners and investors\r\n-The level of price aesthesia is high. Thus, how to set up proper price becomes sarcastic\r\n-Faces intense competition, i.e. Haier, Midea, Mitsubishi\r\n-A high level of government regulation and business requirements\r\n-Relative a high level of local bribery\r\nRecommendation\r\nAccording to the internal and external analysis, MABE should form a new joint venture with a Russian company for growth. Russia have one of the largest appliance market in the world with an lofty profit margin. However, it is relatively difficult and challenging to do business in Russia due to its political structure, sociocultural and economic environment. It’s best for MABE to work with a local Russian partner who knows the system and has immense line of network in order to inhibit the various connected risks. Furthermore, by entering the Russian market, Mabe will fully exploit its resources and capabilities and will achieve its objectives of international expansion, business growth and increase in market share. Therefore, Alternative 3 is recommended.\r\nImplementation\r\nIn order to resolve the above issue, it is important for MABE’s executives to comp rehend and gain colossal knowledge of Russia’s business system and environment in order to be competitive. To implement the recommended alternative, a short and dour term plan is discussed below.\r\nShort-run implementation computer program (See Exhibit 1)\r\nPhase 1 (day 1-7): A display mesa meeting need be held to discuss and form a research team. A professional market analysts and few expatriates of MABE should travel to Russia on an exploratory experience to understand Russia market and find a true(p) Russian manufacturer. At the same time, the research team should also hire local employees who are acquaint with the appliances market in Russia. In addition, the expatriates and executives should begin to learn the language and gain more knowledge about Russian culture because it helps to communicate with local manufacturers and employees in order to effectively operate the JV. Phase 2 (day 8-12): The research team should be divided into several groups to collect mo re information and make sure every aspect is considered. The groups should regularly meet to deepen information and insights to ensure that the current situation in Russia is updated.\r\nIn this case, the advantage and disadvantage of each potential Russian company could be listed orderly by professional market analysts. Meanwhile, expatriates should keep learning. Phase 3 (day 13-19): Presentation should be well prepared for board members to show the knowledge and analysis about potential Russian partner. Board members will analyze and negotiate with these manufactures based on what is on the list. Phase 4 (day 20-31): With the help of lawyers, a contract will be drafted and negotiated with local partner about the business model, routine, strategy and management structure. Negotiation should not be stop until the two companies are satisfied with the details. Phase 5 (day 29-38): The final contract should be prepared and signed by MABE and local partner. Then, the new Joint hazard would be set up and operation would begin.\r\n semipermanent Implementation stick out\r\nMABE should focus on the quick growing segment, that is, the small and middle end products to increase profit and should show concern for the local employees and conjunction by increasing salary, offering employee benefit and donating to the society. With extensive knowledge of Russia economy, MABE could forecast on the future cut back of the Russian market and develop new strategies to compete in future situations There should be vast and continuous investment in R&D, technical innovations and process improvement in order to increase efficiency and competitiveness After fully develop in Russia, MABE could expand their reach in larger international markets like China to take advantage of the numerous growth opportunities.\r\nContingency Plan\r\nIf the recommended alternative does not work out, we would recommend that JV be dissolved and Mabe should exit the Russian market to another em erging market like entropy Africa. This is because it is relatively easy to do business there; it will help Mabe gain more front line in Africa as a whole which is politically and macro-economically stable with competitive labor costs. In addition, the country has better patent and copyright laws that will protect its innovations and designs from knockoffs as opposed to some other emerging markets like China.\r\n'

'Road Safety In Nigeria Health And Social Care Essay\r'

'Public insurance refers to the exercise or inertia of the authorities on an outcome ( s ) ( doubting Thomas 2001 cited in B subprogram et al 2005 ) . It sets hierarchy by transporting emerge the picks of those with the bid of authorization in the populace. This makes prevalent insurance insurance alteration rattling complex as sundry(a) persons, memorial tablets and even the state of matter make water conflicting pursuit and capacities. at that place is thitherfore the imply for coherency of liaison/capacities in an effort to consequence a alteration ( Colebatch 2002 ) .\r\nPurpose: The purpose of this paper is to explicate the schemes that would be used to consequence a alteration in populace constitution on senior high school-pitchedroad galosh in Nigeria.Health Issue and Public Health magnificence: roadway Traffic Collision ( RTC ) is a study(ip) public wellness issue globally. It is defined as personal hurt ensuing from hit of a vehicle with an separate vehicle ( s ) or a prosaic, happening on the public principal(prenominal) road or footways ( Worcestershire County Council 2010 ) .The Situation Globally:RTC histories for everywhere 1.2 one jillion million blends with approximately 20 to 50 million non fatal hurts ( a major give birth of stultification ) happening yearly. It is the 9th prima cause of scrag globally and is estimated to lift to be the 5th prima cause of extend by twelvemonth 2030 ( with approximately 2.4 million gentlemans gentleman deaths per twelvemonth ) out ranking public wellness issues similar TB, HIV/AIDS ( currently the 5th prima cause of decease ) and diarrhoea diseases ( WHO 2008 ) . This fuddleds that by the twelvemonth 2030, RTC provide be perceived every bit lifelessly as HIV/AIDS is today, if military press action is non retainn.\r\nThe world-wide losingss due to travel plan business hurts ar estimated to be or so 518 billion USD, bing the authorities between 1 †3 % of its gr oss national merchandise ( WHO 2009a ) .Nigeria: augur: Map of Nigeria acquainting major cerebrovascular accident zones.\r\nBeginning: Savan demographic map\r\nNigeria is Africa ‘s some thickly colonised assert, with an estimated population size of about 151,319,500 ( World coin bank 2010 ) . It is one of the 10 put ins with the highest Road traffic decease rates in the universe ( WHO 2009a ) . RTA is the commonest cause of decease from un allowed injuries/ public force in the show ( Nigeria Watch 2007 ) .\r\nUsoro ( 2010 ) stated that there be about 30,000 accidents with about 35,000 casualties happening annually. About 90 individuals are killed or wound day-to-day and about 4 individual ‘s dies or bring about injured every hr from RTA. He argues that the figures are underestimated because of slimy c all overage and hapless recording of way of life accidents in the state. let out socio scotch groups have been found to be at higher hazard of dispatch tra ffic hurts ( Thomas et al 2004 ) and they are less belike to suckle the capacity to bear the order or validatory greet related to RTA. They are go about with more poorness load as they retire their staff of life victor ; lose dismiss incomes while caring for the injured or handicapped, the cost for funeral and drawn-out wellness attention ( DFID 2003 ) .\r\nRTC has its greatest bear on among the immature and is the 3rd prima cause of decease between ages 5 †45years ( WHO 2009 ) with a decrease in the Country ‘s productionive force, farther declining the economic state of affairs, therefore equaling the state accomplishing its MDGS 1 AND 4.\r\nThe major causes of RTC in Nigeria are ; high amphetamine, intoxi tail assemblyt, incompetent roads, hapless vehicle conditions etc ( Usoro 2010 ) . Although there is limited literature to demo the different per centums of the causes of RTC in Nigeria, high f number is virtually concerned in low income states ( WHO 2 009 ) .\r\nSurveies have shown that a 5 % addition in mean fastness passel ensue in about 20 % addition in fatal clangs ( transport inquiry Centre 2006 ) and with a 1mph decrease in mean central ratio there is a decrease in accident hurts by 5 % ( Finch et al 1994 ) . The innovate of hurrying cameras in the Isle of Wight, UK resulted in an 83 % decrease of amphetamine on the island ( Environment and lift select military citizens committee 2004 ) . Reducing velocity has overly been shown to stamp down positive effects on wellness results e.g. repel nap feathering respiratory tradings associated with wellness results ( Transport Research Centre 2006 ) .\r\nThere is hence pressing pauperism for action to forestall this future pandemic.\r\nPROPOSED form ( POLICY CONTENT ) :\r\nIntroduction of velocity cameras and enforcement of velocity limit on Nigerian roads.Procedure aims:To fade down high velocity behavior of drivers and improve Conformities to recoil bounds\r \nTo educate the populace on the benefits of obeying alley condom steps\r\nOutcome aims: To repulse down the morbidity and mortality rate from RTC by 30 % and to eff down the possible life old ages bewildered from RTC by 50 % by 2020. insurance end:To cut down the mortality and disablement associated with RTC from vehicle velocity in Nigeria.\r\nEnforcement of velocity bounds via Mobile cameras has been shown to be the individual to the highest score effectual scheme for cut downing human death from RTC ( Chisom and Naci 2008 ) . It is therefore most rational among other rational schemes except has to addle its manner through and through the insurance procedure. Hence the nature of alteration follows the various scanning theoretical cipher.\r\nFor punter apprehension of the complex many-sided nature of indemnity devising, the proposed polity alteration is seen as go throughing through a procedure taking topographic turn on in a peculiar gageground influenced by th e participants/actors ( the policy analysis trigon ) ( Buse et al 2005 ) .\r\nActors: Persons, administrations and groups\r\norp\r\n subject field\r\nContext\r\nProcedure\r\n name 2: indemnity analysis trigonBeginning: Walt and Gilson 1994.THE POLICY Procedure:Agenda guesswork\r\n polity evaluation and feed spinal column\r\nPolicy preparation\r\nPolicy performance\r\nThe policy procedure can be broken down into series of courses citeed the ‘stages heuristic ‘ ( Saba tier and Jenkins-smith cited in Buse et Al. 2005 ) .It provides a theoretical model for understanding the multiplication and topographic points where tactical bangs can be use to influence policy alteration ( Buse et al 2005 ) .\r\nFigure 3: Policy procedure\r\nBefore locomotion on with the policy procedure, it get out be worthy understanding the state ‘s policy context as this ordain help in find out the procedure.THE NIGERIAN POLICY CONTEXT:The proposed wellness policy alteration can be aff ected by the undermentioned contextual factors ( Leichter 1979 ) :Situational factors:This admits the increasing broad stretch out public consciousness and load caused by RTA in the state as stated supra.Cultural factors:There are about 250 cultural groups ( Hausa, Igbo, Yoruba been the major cultural groups ) in Nigeria. The major faiths are Christianity, Islamism, traditional beliefs. These major spectral and cultural groups are the most politically authoritative and most thickly settled in the state ( CIA 2009 ) . Most people believe that road accident is religious and is caused by evil liquors ( S offshoota 2007 ) . Hence the apparitional leaders, traditional/ethnic group leaders go away play an of import range in converting their followings and bettering leave alonepower for commwholey reinforcement and policy operation success.International factors:Road safety issues have increased in pulsing on the mundane docket ( termed the decennary of action ) with an ambitio us mark to cut down route human deaths by twelvemonth 2020. It is corroborateed by international essential structures such as WHO, WB, DFID, FIA asylum and other UN administration ( Commission for planetary route safety 2009 ) . These organic structures result therefore hold an impact on the preparation of policies, support, duologue, planning, and protagonism guidelines for any state shiping on a route safety policy enterprise.Structural Factors:( a ) policy-making system: Nigeria is a parliamentary federation with classs of authorization expressed at the federal, body politic and local authorities countries.\r\nThere are 36 body politics and the federal capital district, 774 LGAs farther divided into 9555 wards ( the final political unit in the state ) .\r\nThere are 3 weaponries of authorities, the Executive arm, Judiciary and the general meeting at the federal and res publica stops.\r\nThe legislative arm comprises of the upper house ( the senate ) and the lower ho use ( the raise of Representatives ) elected from the country senatorial territories and the constituencies severally.\r\n from apiece one province has an elected governor, the house of assembly, an executive council with powers to do Torahs.\r\nEach local authorities country has an elected executive president and an elective legislative council of members from electoral wards.\r\nThe province authorities has prodigious liberty and control over the allotment and use of their resources ( WHO 2009b ) .The Federal Road rubber eraser Commission:This is the lead bureau that regulates, enforces and coordinates all route safety direction activities at both the national, province and LGA level through their particular fall in States pose Services ( Volunteer arm ) and regular United States Marshals Services ( Uniformed ) . They play a major function in finding and implementing velocity bounds for assorted types of roads and vehicles ( FRSC 2010 ) . They receive facilitate from the police force, civil defense mechanism army corps, NGO ‘S etc.\r\n( B ) Civil societies, NGOs signifier e.g. RAPSON, APRI, SAVAN, and social function groups are cardinal histrions in public policy devising and can take part at the commission classs of how a rhythm becomes a principle.\r\n( degree Celsius ) Socio economic state of affairs: Nigeria is classified as a low income group state with a gross national income per capital of $ 930 ( WHO 2009a ) .This can impact acquiring the route safety policy on the docket among many other viing wellness issues.\r\nTo the relaxation method the policy issue from the docket puting to execution and rating, a stakeholder analysis is really of import.STAKEHOLDER Analysis:It helps to identify Actors ; measure their inter-group communication, power, confederation, place and importance in relation to the policy. It impart countenance to place and move to forestall misapprehension and resistance to the policy ( Schmeer 2000 ) .\r\nName of stakeholder ( administration,\r\n host or person at the federal, province or local degree )\r\nStakeholder description ( primary intent, association, support )\r\nPotential function in the procedure ( vested occasion in the activity )\r\nPotential degree of loyalty ( support or oppose, to what finale and why ) and how to acquire their support\r\nAvailable resources ( staff, voluntaries, )PowerGovernment/Political sector\r\n chair\r\nCommanding officer in head of the arm forces, initiate authorities policies/bills\r\n agreeing to and sign phrase of measures, mentioning a measure book binding to the national assembly or to the constitutional tribunal on the measures constitutionality\r\n unemotional support, demand for dialogue and lobbying\r\n discussion conferences, high degree actness ; statements and declarations at cardinal policy events, terminology\r\n in high spirits\r\nThe senate and house of representatives\r\nThe province Governor and province house of assembly\r \nApproves the proposed policy to go a principle, guarantee appropriate support\r\nNovices and approves Government policies at the province degree severally\r\n frequenters/ Champions policy alteration,\r\nHas significant liberty and control over the allotment and use of their resources at province degree\r\nSome may back up and other may non. rent to place title-holders, bargaining and lobbying for support\r\nSame as above\r\nNews conferences, statements at cardinal policy events, Reports on commission meetings\r\nSame as above\r\nHigh\r\nHigh\r\nMinistry of wellness\r\nImplement policies, programmes and take actions to beef up the wellness system\r\n gulp measure in concurrence with the federal route safety committee, give advice to the authorities on the impact of route accidents\r\n potently back up the enforcement of the route safety police proposed\r\nPolitical determination shapers, organisational construction of the freshly introduced peregrine injury team\r\nHigh\r\nFe deral route safety committee, Nigerian constabulary and the civil defense mechanism portion corps\r\nLead bureau on dis identify of route safety in Nigeria\r\nPilot trial, bring forward the ministry of wellness with information for measure bill of exchange,\r\npowerfully back up the enforcement of the route safety jurisprudence proposed\r\nOrganizational construction of the constabulary, civil defense mechanism, FRSC corps of United States Marshals Services common chord tier system\r\nHigh\r\nMinistry of finance\r\nProvides public financess, facilitates growth and reappraisals budget,\r\nPrioritises reappraisal and blessing of budget for the proposed alteration\r\n unsettled if the cost for execution is significantly increased\r\nFundss to back up the purchase of velocity cameras\r\nHigh\r\nMinistry of move through\r\nOversing transit safety\r\nFormulate and implement authorities policies on transit safety\r\nMay or may non back up because of other undertakings like the new r ail manner system organic evolution in the state\r\nStaffs available at assorted degrees\r\nHigh\r\nMinistry of Education\r\nOversing instruction related actives\r\n financial aid in execution of educational policies\r\nMay non back up because of other pressing demands like net profit increase for instructors\r\nStaffs available at assorted degrees\r\nHigh\r\nPressure GROUPS\r\nNBC ( MEDIA ) , NURTW, NURTO\r\nMajor political force per unit welkin groups\r\nBeginning of information, force per unit area and influence in policy development\r\nStrongly back up the policy alteration\r\n organised construction and staffs available\r\nHigh\r\nInternational organic structures\r\nWHO, World bank, African development bank, Infrastructure kitty-cat for Africa, FIA, EURO NCAP, DFID,\r\nMulti stakeholders commission, cardinal donors/development spouses and oversee execution of the funded undertaking.\r\nApproves the aim to utilize the fund grant in the procurance of the new policy\r\nStron gly support but would be concerned about corrupt patterns\r\nFinancial, Potentially, human resources to influence policy, cardinal gate keepers for usage of planetary fund grant\r\n modal(a)\r\nNongovernmental organization\r\nSAVAN, RAPSON, PATVORA, guard duty ALLIANCE, AARSI, Nigerian red cross\r\nAgency committed to awareness, acceptance and observation of route safety patterns, identify debut surveillance\r\nLegislative reform protagonism and policy execution\r\nStrongly back up\r\n learn staffs every bit good as voluntaries.\r\nLow\r\nProfessional administration\r\nNigeria Medical Association, Researchers.\r\nRepresents its members and support their involvement\r\n underside set force per unit area, and lobbying in the policy procedure\r\nStrongly back up\r\nFiscal resources and potentially, human resources to act upon policy\r\n median(a)\r\nOther civil societies\r\nCommunity leaders/chiefs, youth person groups,\r\nOpinion leaders and determination shapers\r\nCan negociate t he policy alteration and utile for execution\r\nStrongly back up\r\nThey can call up voluntaries, consciousness and influence on the friendship,\r\nMedium\r\nTable1: Stakeholders analysis table. Template beginning and some of the stakeholders functions ( WHO 2008 ) , other functions: ( Schmeer 2000 ) .\r\nFrom the tabular array above, it can be seen that a batch of the cardinal stakeholders would potently back up the enforcement of the route safety policy alteration. Schemes can so be developed ( consensus-building ) to advance actions for support and cut down resistance from the other stakeholders before go oning with the policy procedure. This can be do by sharing the information obtained among protagonists and encouraging give-and-take about how to turn to resistance.AGENDA Setting:This measure involves acquiring the issue onto the policy docket from among other issues that can potentially be of involvement to policy shapers ( Buse et al 2005 ) .\r\nKingdon ( 1984 ) proposed that policies get on the docket through 3 independent streams ( job, political relations and policy watercourse ) which converge at a point called the policy window. This is the point a policy alteration is most likely to happen. These watercourses in the Nigerian context are as shown in the figure below:\r\nPolicy window/ Action PointFig 4: Kingdon ‘s three stream theoretical account of docket opinion ( Template beginning: policy and nutrition 2010 )Call uping the Media:McCombs and Shaw ( 1972 ) initiative developed the docket puting theory, demoing a strong coefficient of correlation between media docket and the public docket on US presidential runs in 1968, 1972 and 1976.\r\nThe media, been successful in stating the populace what to believe about ( University of Twente 2004 ) , will be mobilised to act upon the populace ‘s sentiment and hence the authorities through Television and wireless programmes/ News, News documents and articles from professional organic st ructures with accent on the magnitude and possible solution to cut downing the mortality from route traffic accidents. Restriction can in addition be made to misdirect adverts which will promote velocity.\r\nPersonal experience of RTC ( direct or indirect ) could be a more powerful instructor than the media ( University of Twente 2004 ) but both will complement each other in bettering the public docket and later on the policy docket.\r\nFig 5: Agenda puting demoing the function of the media ( Beginning: McQuail and Windahl 1993 ) .POLICY FORMULATION AND ADOPTION:This involves the stairss taken aft(prenominal) the issue is placed on the docket up boulder clay when it is employ. This portion of the procedure strongly lies in the sphere of the legislators which determines how a measure becomes jurisprudence and is implemented as shown below:FRSCSUPPORT ( Individuals/ administration )\r\nSponsor a Member of national assembly\r\n send on of the measure to National assembly\r\nFirs t cultureSecond Reading ( polish )Public input\r\nCommittee phase ( Committee on route safety )\r\nReport phase\r\nThird reading\r\nPublic Input\r\nAssent ( Presidents marks the Bill )Bill is promulgatedFig6: How measure becomes jurisprudence in Nigeria ( beginning of information: Jagaba 2009 ) Formulation Schemes:\r\nTo plead the issue on the docket through this phase, there is demand for:\r\nContinuous runs and Advocacy: Grassroots lobbying ( mobilising the populace to top legislators or other policy shapers about the job ) and Direct Lobbying ( Phone calls, composing of letters, face to pose interactions ) ,\r\nMass Support by go toing commission meetings,\r\nInforming international stakeholders that the issue is on the docket,\r\nDickering for protagonists from the legislators to better Alliance.\r\nPOLICY IMPLEMENTATION:\r\nThis involves the procedure by which a policy is turned into pattern ( Buse et al 2005 ) . The butt end -up attack ( Lipsky 1980 ) will be a really goo d attack for the execution such that there is flow of information from the implementers to the policy shapers. However, effort will be made to include the top-down attack in order to understate divergence from the think policy result.\r\nThe execution procedure would necessitate apparel and resources and should be a gradual procedure. It would be worthwhile holding a pilot undertaking in an country identified by research workers to hold a high mortality from RTA before execution at a National degree.Initial rapid demands appraisal:The route safety system would be assessed to happen out what is needed. The police squad should include ; the constabulary, route safety committee, research workers, wellness economic expert, NGO ‘s, the NURTW, Volunteers, aesculapian squads, Health policy analyst, the media, ministry of conveyance, support from developmental spouses, community/religious leaders and affecting the authorities at all degrees.\r\nThe appraisal will supply scientifi c, managerial and technological maps of the policy from be aftering to rating. On designation of the specific demands, the execution work program will be drawn.\r\nCommunity/religious leaders will play a cardinal function in recommending within their communities/religious groups in converting their followings that RTC can be prevented and is non religious.Execution agenda:Legislation to stipulate velocity bounds applicable to different types of roads.\r\nIdentifying strategic cheque points which should be countries identified to hold a comparatively high RTC ensuing from high velocity.\r\nRandom placement of the squad to supervise vehicle velocity with the nomadic velocity cameras\r\nFines to be paid by lawbreakers will be fixed and gross generated be used for maintain and purchase of velocity cameras.\r\nLicense suspension of lawbreakers who violates the jurisprudence over a specific figure of measure as will be stated.\r\nThe usage of procession to inform the populace on the ne w jurisprudence, its benefits and punishments.military rating AND Feedback:Buse et Al ( 2005 P ) defines rating as â€Å" research designed specifically to measure the operation and or impact of a programme or policy in order to find whether the programme or policy is worth prosecuting farther ”\r\nThe technology theoretical account suggests that ideally there should be a direct relationship between research findings and policy determinations but nevertheless this is wholly non applicable as there tends to be spreads between the two communities. Advocacy bond is needed to cut down this spread and should include bettering the cognition of policy shapers by supplying a scope of different research studies via the media, conferences and seminars, guaranting that major policies have ratings built into their budgets and execution programs and set up negotiate establishments to reexamine research and find its policy deductions e.g. decorous in England and Wales ( Buse et al 2005 ) .\r\nThe rating procedure will affect the usage of the formative rating ( qualitative-observations, semi-structured interviews, focal point groups, advancement studies ) at the early phase to supply advice to policy shapers. It may so be used to modify and develop the plan.\r\nIt will similarly affect the usage of a summational rating ( quantitative- morbidity and mortality rates ) which measures result and the extent to which the programme has met its aims.\r\nThe Donabedian model ( Donabedian 1978 ) :\r\nINPUTS INDICATORS\r\nProcedure INDICATORS\r\nEnd product Indexs\r\nResult INDICATORS\r\nFundss for purchase of velocity cameras, logistics\r\nHuman resources- constabulary and route safety\r\nTraining of forces involved\r\nPolitical committedness\r\nServicess offered- the usage of the velocity cameras\r\nReding quality offered to lawbreakers\r\n police force/ route safety †driver interaction\r\n recreate direction among route users\r\nCollision rates from velocity\r\nBadne ss of hurts from RTC\r\nMortality rates- per centum of deceases due to RTC ensuing from high velocity.\r\nDisability rates- the rate of disablements attributable to high velocity vehicle hit\r\nComplication rates\r\n prize of life\r\nTable 2: Donabedian model\r\nEvaluation of the public presentation: Speed limit enforcement will alike be done at the micro, meso and macro degrees.\r\nThe micro degree will include accessing public presentation of the squads at the territory degrees, the effectivity of the enforcement protocols used, the degree of corruptness and any execution spreads.\r\nThe meso degree will include accessing public presentation at the administration degree which will include the clip taken to go to to wrongdoers when referred to the route safety Centres, and their function assisting and oversing the squad at the territory degree.\r\nThe macro degree: this involves accessing reinforcement of the programme and its map at the national or international degree.Decision: The policy procedure is a cyclic procedure happening in the environment of a altering political context. There is therefore the demand for uninterrupted protagonism alliance networking, monitoring and rating at all times. However, other causes of RTC such as bad roads, imbibing and drive which are non to the full implemented in the state should non be neglected as future programs should be made to further cut down the load of RTC to the barest lower limit.\r\nThe execution of the nomadic velocity cameras and velocity bound enforcement will assist cut down RTC mortalities and disablements, better research and besides quality of life thereby unlocking growing and unloose resources for usage on other wellness concerns with the position of accomplishing the MDGs.\r\n'